This paper reviewed the modelling applications and models aimed at low carbon development. The conclusions and key messages follow from the literature on the state-of-the-art of models; variety of modelling studies, especially those focused on developing countries; and experiences of MAPS and CDKN linking projects for modelling of low-carbon development, mitigation and assessment of its full costs and benefits. The purpose of a modelling assessment is to delineate low carbon development policies that address key questions raised by policymakers and other stakeholders using state-of-the-art scientific knowledge and modelling tools. The modelling assessments typically address multiple questions such as: How shall demographic trends, consumption behaviour, income effects and resource constraints influence greenhouse emissions? What incentives and institutional structures – markets, rules, norms, taxes, quotas etc. – can transform societal interactions with nature to follow a sustainable path? How can research, planning, observation, analysis and decision support be better integrated with scenarios analysis?
